Water has anomalous properties that emanate from its hydrogen-bond-induced structure. Most of the unique properties of water are related to the network of strong three-dimensional hydrogen bonds that interconnect the water molecules [1, 2]. According to Stillinger [3], water has a preferential three-dimensional tetrahedral structure containing a few free or single-bonded water molecules. A simulation study [4] challenges this concept and reports some distorted hydrogen-bonded structure in which one hydrogen atom is attached with two oxygen atoms, and these bifurcated bonds play a central role in the molecular mobility in the liquid state by lowering the Gibbs energy barrier of diffusion. In pure water, hydrogen bonds have a lifetime of about 1 ps. Defects in this hydrogen-bonded network seem to produce very short-lived hydrogen bonds (< 200 fs)[5]. In biological interfaces, however, certain water molecules in the hydration shell have dynamics very different from that of bulk water, with a residence time of up to 100 ps [6, 7]. In proteins, the internal water molecules exchange with external water molecules typically on a timescale of 0.1–10 цs [8–10]. Hydrogen bonds are in a continuous process of breaking and reformation, with a continuous change in hydrogen bond length and strength. Pure liquid water represents a disordered ensemble of highly polar molecules linked through a fluctuating network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on femtosecond to picosecond timescales, as shown by the pioneering work by Elsaesser et al.[11–13], Wiersma et al.[14, 15], Voehringer et al.[16], Fayer et al.[17], Tokmakoff et al.[18], using ultrafast vibrational …

I BUILT MY SITE FOR FREE USING